Overview
The evidence base for AOD-9604 can span preclinical work, early human data, and—where applicable—larger clinical trials. The strength and maturity of that evidence determine how confidently clinicians and researchers talk about its effects.
Key evidence themes
- Preclinical models exploring mechanisms and proof-of-concept.
- Early human or pilot data, if available.
- Larger controlled trials for molecules with formal indications.
Context and caveats
When reviewing literature on AOD-9604, it is important to consider study design, endpoints, sample size, and duration, as well as how closely study populations match real-world use. Marketing narratives frequently move faster than rigorous evidence.
Sport & Anti-Doping Warning
AOD-9604 has featured in high-profile anti-doping investigations, most notably the Essendon Football Club supplements saga in Australian rules football, where regulators clarified it was a non-approved substance prohibited at all times.
- >Essendon Football Club supplements saga (background)
- >Discussion of AOD-9604 and WADA's S0 (non-approved substances) category
For WADA-code athletes, AOD-9604 has been treated as prohibited under the S0 category, regardless of whether it is marketed as a 'research' or 'wellness' product.