Peptide research and evidence guides

High-level snapshots of what kinds of studies exist (or don’t), what the evidence is strongest for, and what remains uncertain. This is not a substitute for reading primary literature.

For broader reading and updates, see the research page.

105 peptides

5-amino-1mq

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · NNMT inhibitor (small molecule)

Small-molecule NNMT inhibitor discussed in early-stage experimental metabolic and weight-related research.

Open evidence overview →

ACE-031

Other injectables · Myostatin/activin inhibitor (ACVR2B trap)

An experimental soluble activin receptor (ACVR2B) fusion protein studied for inhibiting myostatin and activin to promote muscle mass.

Open evidence overview →

Adipotide (FTPP)

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Experimental pro-apoptotic peptide

Experimental targeted peptide studied in preclinical models for reducing fat tissue by acting on its blood supply.

Covered on the profile →

AHK-Cu

Other injectables · Copper peptide

A copper-binding tripeptide studied mainly in cosmetic/skin and hair contexts for signaling effects on tissue and follicles.

Covered on the profile →

AICAR

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · AMPK activator

An AMPK-activating compound studied as an exercise mimetic in metabolic and endurance research.

Open evidence overview →

Alprostadil

Other injectables · Prostaglandin E1

A prostaglandin E1 analog (a vasodilator) used medically for erectile dysfunction and certain circulatory conditions.

Open evidence overview →

AOD-9604

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Growth hormone fragment

Synthetic peptide derived from the C-terminal portion of human growth hormone, discussed for potential effects on fat metabolism.

Open evidence overview →

Ara-290

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Erythropoietin-derived peptide

Peptide derived from erythropoietin (cibinetide) studied in small randomised trials for tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory effects.

Open evidence overview →

B7-33

Other injectables · Relaxin (H2) analog

A single-chain peptide derived from the hormone relaxin (H2), studied preclinically for anti-fibrotic effects in heart, lung, and kidney tissue.

Covered on the profile →

BAC water

Other injectables · Diluent

Sterile water containing a bacteriostatic preservative, supplied as a diluent for reconstituting compatible medications rather than as an active therapeutic.

Open evidence overview →

Botulinum toxin

Other injectables · Neurotoxin

A potent neurotoxin that blocks acetylcholine release at nerve terminals; used medically and cosmetically to relax targeted muscles.

Open evidence overview →

BPC-157

WADA Limited

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Synthetic peptide fragment

Synthetic peptide fragment often discussed for tissue healing and GI-related effects.

Open evidence overview →

BPC-157 + GHK-Cu + KPV

Other injectables · Peptide blend

A vendor blend of BPC-157, GHK-Cu, and KPV combining repair, skin-signaling, and anti-inflammatory components; no dedicated trials.

Covered on the profile →

BPC-157 + GHK-CU + TB500

WADA Limited

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Peptide blend

Combination catalog entry bundling BPC-157, GHK-Cu, and TB-500 around tissue-repair and cosmetic themes; no dedicated trials.

Open evidence overview →

BPC-157 + GHK-CU + TB500 + KPV

WADA Limited

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Peptide blend

Combination catalog entry bundling four peptides discussed for healing, cosmetic, and anti-inflammatory themes; no dedicated trials.

Covered on the profile →

BPC-157 + TB500

WADA Limited

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Peptide blend

Combination catalog entry pairing BPC-157 with TB-500, two peptides often discussed for tissue repair; no dedicated trials.

Open evidence overview →

Bronchogen

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied in Russian research for respiratory/bronchial tissue; limited independent evidence.

Covered on the profile →

Cagrilintide

GLP-1 / incretin · Long-acting amylin analog

Long-acting amylin analog studied for chronic weight management, usually alongside a GLP-1 receptor agonist.

Open evidence overview →

Cagrilintide + Semaglutide

GLP-1 / incretin · Amylin analog + GLP-1 receptor agonist combination

Fixed-dose combination of an amylin analog and a GLP-1 receptor agonist studied for obesity and metabolic disease.

Open evidence overview →

Cardiogen

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for cardiovascular/heart tissue; mostly older Russian research.

Covered on the profile →

Cartalax

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied in the context of cartilage and joint tissue; limited evidence.

Covered on the profile →

Cerebrolysin

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Neuropeptide preparation

Injectable mixture of low-molecular-weight peptides and amino acids derived from porcine brain, used in some regions for neurologic indications.

Open evidence overview →

Chonluten

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for respiratory epithelium and lung tissue; limited independent data.

Covered on the profile →

CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Growth hormone peptide blend

Vendor blend pairing a GHRH analog with a selective ghrelin-receptor agonist; the combination itself has never been tested in a published human trial.

Open evidence overview →

CJC-1295 with DAC

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Long-acting GHRH analog

Long-acting growth hormone–releasing hormone analog designed to extend GH and IGF-1 stimulation, discussed in experimental and wellness contexts.

Open evidence overview →

CJC-1295 without DAC

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · GHRH analog

Shorter-acting GHRH analog (modified GRF 1-29) discussed for stimulating GH release without a long-acting DAC modification.

Open evidence overview →

Cortagen

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for brain/cortex neuroprotection in Russian research; limited evidence.

Covered on the profile →

Crystagen

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for immune-system regulation; mostly older Russian research.

Covered on the profile →

Dermorphin

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Opioid peptide

Potent opioid-like peptide originally isolated from amphibian skin, occasionally discussed in experimental analgesia and performance contexts.

Covered on the profile →

Dihexa

Other injectables · Nootropic peptide (angiotensin-derived)

An angiotensin IV-derived peptide studied preclinically for synaptogenesis and cognition via HGF/c-Met signaling.

Covered on the profile →

DSIP

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Sleep-related neuropeptide

Small peptide historically studied for effects on sleep and stress, now mostly of experimental and niche interest.

Open evidence overview →

Dulaglutide

Other injectables · GLP-1 receptor agonist

A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist (marketed as Trulicity) used for type 2 diabetes; note vendor 'research' vials are not the approved product.

Open evidence overview →

Epitalon

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

Synthetic tetrapeptide discussed in aging and longevity circles on the basis of limited, region-specific research.

Covered on the profile →

EPO (Erythropoietin)

Other injectables · Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production; used medically for anemia and notoriously misused (and WADA-banned) in endurance sport.

Open evidence overview →

Follistatin 344

Other injectables · Myostatin-inhibiting protein

A follistatin variant studied for binding and inhibiting myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth.

Covered on the profile →

FOXO4

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Senolytic peptide

Experimental peptide discussed in senolytic and cellular-aging research, studied almost entirely in preclinical settings.

Covered on the profile →

GDF-8 (Myostatin)

Other injectables · Myostatin

Growth differentiation factor 8, the natural myostatin protein that limits muscle growth; studied as a research reagent and drug target.

Covered on the profile →

GHK-CU

Other injectables · Copper peptide

Naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide with a topical cosmetic evidence base for skin appearance and essentially no human safety data as an injectable.

Open evidence overview →

GHRP-2

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Growth hormone–releasing peptide

Growth hormone–releasing peptide (pralmorelin) from an earlier generation of GH secretagogues, used as a diagnostic agent in some regions.

Open evidence overview →

GHRP-6

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Growth hormone–releasing peptide

Growth hormone–releasing peptide from the same family as GHRP-2, historically discussed for GH release and appetite stimulation.

Open evidence overview →

Glutathione

Other injectables · Antioxidant tripeptide

Endogenous tripeptide antioxidant given orally or parenterally in wellness and hepatology contexts, with mixed evidence.

Open evidence overview →

Gonadorelin

Other injectables · GnRH analog

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog studied for stimulating LH and FSH release in reproductive and hormonal contexts.

Open evidence overview →

HCG

GH / growth factors · Gonadotropin hormone

Hormone with LH-like activity used in regulated reproductive and endocrine medicine, and discussed more broadly in wellness and performance contexts.

Open evidence overview →

Hexarelin

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Growth hormone secretagogue

Potent growth hormone secretagogue from an earlier generation of GH-axis agents, now largely of historical and experimental interest.

Open evidence overview →

HGH 191AA (Somatropin)

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Recombinant human growth hormone

Recombinant human growth hormone with the same 191–amino acid sequence as endogenous GH, used in regulated settings for growth hormone–related conditions.

Open evidence overview →

HGH Fragment 176-191

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Growth hormone fragment

A C-terminal fragment of growth hormone studied for lipolytic (fat-loss) effects without growth hormone's growth signaling.

Covered on the profile →

HMG

GH / growth factors · Gonadotropin preparation

Menotropins: a gonadotropin preparation with FSH- and LH-like activity used in regulated fertility and endocrine settings.

Open evidence overview →

Humanin

Other injectables · Mitochondrial-derived peptide

A mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for cytoprotective and metabolic signaling in aging research.

Covered on the profile →

Hyaluronic acid

Other injectables · Glycosaminoglycan

A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan used in skin, joint, and cosmetic contexts for hydration and tissue support.

Open evidence overview →

IGF-1 LR3

GH / growth factors · IGF-1 analog

Long-acting insulin-like growth factor-1 analog discussed in experimental growth-factor contexts, with no clinical trial literature.

Open evidence overview →

IGF-DES

GH / growth factors · IGF-1 analog

Truncated insulin-like growth factor-1 analog discussed for localized growth-factor signaling in experimental settings.

Open evidence overview →

Insulin

Other injectables · Peptide hormone

The essential peptide hormone regulating blood glucose; a prescription medication with serious hypoglycemia risk if misused.

Open evidence overview →

Ipamorelin

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · Growth hormone secretagogue (ghrelin receptor agonist)

Selective growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist whose corporate clinical program was discontinued.

Open evidence overview →

Ipamorelin + Tesamorelin

Other injectables · Growth hormone peptide blend

A vendor blend pairing the GHRH analog tesamorelin with the selective secretagogue ipamorelin for complementary growth hormone signaling; no dedicated trials.

Covered on the profile →

KissPeptin-10

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Reproductive neuropeptide fragment

Peptide fragment of the kisspeptin family studied for its role in reproductive hormone signaling in endocrine and fertility research.

Open evidence overview →

KPV (Lysine–Proline–Valine)

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Tripeptide fragment

Tripeptide fragment often discussed for anti-inflammatory and gut-related effects.

Open evidence overview →

L-Carnitine

Other injectables · Amino acid derivative

An amino acid derivative involved in transporting fatty acids into mitochondria for energy; used in metabolic and fat-metabolism contexts.

Open evidence overview →

Lemon Bottle

Other injectables · Fat-dissolving injectable (lipolysis)

A cosmetic fat-dissolving (lipolysis) injectable — not a peptide — marketed with riboflavin, bromelain, and lecithin; not FDA/MHRA/CE approved.

Open evidence overview →

Lipo-C with B vitamins

Other injectables · Lipotropic injectable

Injectable mixture of lipotropic agents and B vitamins marketed in wellness settings for energy and weight-related goals, with limited evidence.

Open evidence overview →

Lipo-C without B vitamins

Other injectables · Lipotropic injectable

Injectable mixture of lipotropic agents without added B vitamins, marketed for metabolic or weight-related support.

Open evidence overview →

Liraglutide

Other injectables · GLP-1 receptor agonist

A daily GLP-1 receptor agonist (marketed as Victoza/Saxenda) for diabetes and weight; vendor 'research' vials are not the approved product.

Open evidence overview →

Livagen

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for liver tissue; mostly older Russian research, limited independent evidence.

Covered on the profile →

LL37

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Antimicrobial peptide (cathelicidin)

Human cathelicidin-derived peptide discussed for roles in innate immunity and tissue defense, largely in experimental contexts.

Open evidence overview →

Matrixyl

Other injectables · Cosmetic peptide

A cosmetic 'matrikine' peptide (palmitoyl pentapeptide) used topically in anti-aging skincare to signal collagen support.

Covered on the profile →

Mazdutide

GLP-1 / incretin · GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist

Dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist studied for obesity and type 2 diabetes; approved in China and investigational elsewhere.

Open evidence overview →

Melatonin

Other injectables · Hormone (pineal)

The pineal hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle; widely used as a sleep aid and studied for circadian and antioxidant effects.

Open evidence overview →

MGF (Mechano Growth Factor)

Other injectables · IGF-1 splice variant

Mechano growth factor, an IGF-1 splice variant (IGF-1Ec) produced by mechanically stressed muscle and studied for muscle repair.

Covered on the profile →

MK-677 (Ibutamoren)

Other injectables · Growth hormone secretagogue

Orally active ghrelin-receptor agonist and growth hormone secretagogue studied for raising growth hormone and IGF-1.

Open evidence overview →

MOTS-c

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Mitochondrial-derived peptide

Mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for roles in metabolic regulation, insulin sensitivity, and cellular stress responses.

Open evidence overview →

MT-I

Other injectables · Melanocortin-1 receptor agonist

Synthetic alpha-MSH analog (afamelanotide) approved as Scenesse for erythropoietic protoporphyria and discussed more broadly for skin pigmentation.

Open evidence overview →

MT-II

WADA Limited

Other injectables · Melanocortin receptor agonist

Synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist discussed in relation to tanning and sexual function, primarily in experimental and non-regulated contexts.

Open evidence overview →

NAD+

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Cellular cofactor

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a central cellular cofactor discussed in metabolic, aging, and mitochondrial health research.

Open evidence overview →

Oligopeptide-10

Other injectables · Cosmetic antimicrobial peptide

A synthetic cosmetic peptide (derived from the antimicrobial peptide granulysin) used topically in skincare for its antibacterial and skin-clarifying properties.

Covered on the profile →

Orexin A

Other injectables · Neuropeptide (hypocretin-1)

A wake-promoting hypothalamic neuropeptide (hypocretin-1) that activates both orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R); studied for arousal, appetite, and narcolepsy.

Covered on the profile →

Orexin B

Other injectables · Neuropeptide (hypocretin-2)

A wake-promoting hypothalamic neuropeptide (hypocretin-2) that preferentially activates the OX2R receptor; less stable than orexin A and less studied.

Covered on the profile →

Oxytocin

Other injectables · Peptide hormone

Endogenous peptide hormone involved in uterine contraction, lactation, and social behavior, with approved obstetric uses.

Open evidence overview →

P21

Other injectables · Neurogenic peptide

A peptide studied preclinically for neurogenesis and cognitive effects (distinct from the p21 cell-cycle protein of the same name).

Covered on the profile →

Pancragen

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for pancreatic tissue; mostly older Russian research.

Covered on the profile →

PE-22-28

Other injectables · Spadin analog (neuro)

A synthetic analog of spadin studied preclinically as a fast-acting antidepressant candidate via TREK-1 potassium-channel blockade.

Covered on the profile →

PEG-MGF

GH / growth factors · IGF-1 splice variant analog

Pegylated mechano growth factor analog discussed in experimental muscle and recovery contexts.

Covered on the profile →

Pinealon

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

Short peptide complex marketed in Eastern European contexts as a neuroprotective peptide, with limited and region-specific evidence.

Covered on the profile →

PNC-27

Other injectables · Experimental anticancer peptide

An experimental peptide studied preclinically for selectively disrupting cancer-cell membranes via an HDM-2 interaction.

Covered on the profile →

Prostamax

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for prostate tissue; mostly older Russian research, limited evidence.

Covered on the profile →

PT-141

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Melanocortin receptor agonist

Melanocortin receptor agonist approved as Vyleesi for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Open evidence overview →

Retatrutide

GLP-1 / incretin · Triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist

Investigational triple agonist targeting GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors.

Open evidence overview →

Selank

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Anxiolytic peptide (tuftsin analog)

Synthetic peptide derived from tuftsin, discussed for anxiolytic and nootropic effects in experimental and regional clinical literature.

Open evidence overview →

Semaglutide

GLP-1 / incretin · GLP-1 receptor agonist

GLP-1 receptor agonist commonly discussed for glycemic control and weight management.

Open evidence overview →

Semax

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Nootropic peptide (ACTH fragment)

Synthetic heptapeptide discussed for neuroprotective and nootropic effects, studied mainly in Eastern European literature.

Open evidence overview →

Semax + Selank

Other injectables · Nootropic peptide blend

A vendor blend of the nootropic Semax and the anxiolytic Selank, combining cognitive and anti-anxiety research peptides; no dedicated trials.

Covered on the profile →

Sermorelin Acetate

GH / growth factors · GHRH analog

Synthetic growth hormone–releasing hormone analog, formerly marketed as Geref for diagnostic and paediatric growth use and now discussed in wellness settings.

Open evidence overview →

SLU-PP-322

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Small-molecule metabolic agonist

Experimental small molecule discussed in preclinical metabolic and mitochondrial research, with no human data.

Covered on the profile →

Snap-8

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Cosmetic peptide

Cosmetic peptide (acetyl octapeptide-3) used in topical formulations and discussed for softening the appearance of facial lines.

Open evidence overview →

SS-31

Metabolic / mitochondrial / small molecules · Mitochondria-targeted peptide

Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (elamipretide) with an FDA accelerated approval in Barth syndrome and a clearly negative phase 3 trial elsewhere.

Open evidence overview →

Survodutide

GLP-1 / incretin · GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist

Investigational dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist studied for obesity and metabolic disease.

Open evidence overview →

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment)

WADA Limited

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Thymosin beta-4 fragment

Product name covering the actin-binding fragment of thymosin beta-4 — and, in some vials, the full-length protein — discussed for tissue repair.

Open evidence overview →

Teriparatide

Other injectables · PTH analog

A recombinant fragment of parathyroid hormone (marketed as Forteo) used medically to build bone in severe osteoporosis.

Open evidence overview →

Tesamorelin

WADA Limited

GH / growth factors · GHRH analog

Synthetic growth hormone–releasing hormone analog approved in some regions for HIV-associated lipodystrophy and studied more broadly in metabolic research.

Open evidence overview →

Testagen

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short peptide bioregulator studied for testicular/reproductive tissue; mostly older Russian research.

Covered on the profile →

Thymalin

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Thymic peptide extract

Thymic-derived peptide mixture historically used in some regions for immune modulation, now primarily of historical and experimental interest.

Covered on the profile →

Thymosin Alpha-1

Healing / anti-inflammatory · Immunomodulating thymic peptide

Peptide derived from thymic proteins, discussed for immune-modulating effects and studied in selected infectious and oncologic contexts.

Open evidence overview →

Tirzepatide

GLP-1 / incretin · Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist

Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist frequently discussed for type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Open evidence overview →

Triptorelin Acetate

Other injectables · GnRH agonist

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist used medically for hormone-sensitive conditions; continuous use down-regulates the reproductive axis.

Open evidence overview →

Vilon

Other injectables · Peptide bioregulator (Khavinson)

A short (Lys-Glu) peptide bioregulator studied for immune modulation and aging; mostly older Russian research.

Covered on the profile →

VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide)

Neuro / nootropic / cosmetic · Neuropeptide vasodilator

Endogenous neuropeptide involved in smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and secretion; its synthetic form aviptadil has been trialled in serious illness.

Open evidence overview →

Vitamin B12

Other injectables · Vitamin

Essential water-soluble vitamin involved in hematologic and neurologic function, given by injection when deficiency or absorption problems are present.

Open evidence overview →

Compare the evidence base side by side

Head-to-head references contrasting trial maturity, endpoints and the strength of the published record for two comparable compounds.

All peptide comparisons